Civil Diary Online

Super Elevation Whenever on roads, curve has to be made, outer edge of the road on the curve is raised as compared to the inner edge. This is known as super elevation. Whenever the vehicle is moving in a curved path, it is acted upon by the force outward the curve known as centrifugal force. This force is always acting in the horizontal direction through the center of gravity of the vehicle and always perpendicular to the weight of the vehicle. If Centrifugal force is greater than the force between the road and the tyres, then the vehicle will skid outward. If centrifugal force is less than the force between the road and the tyres, then the vehicle will overturn to the inside of the curve. Super elevation is to be provided in case of curves only. If the road surface is plain or flat i.e there is no curve, then the tendency of the centrifugal force is through the vehicle from the center line and the only force which will prevent the vehicle that is frictional force. This force ...

Here is a list of mild steel bars weight. Diameter of bars in millimeter Weight of bars in kilogram 6 mm0.22 kg/meter10 mm0.62 kg/meter12 mm0.89 kg/meter16 mm1.58 kg/meter20 mm2.469 kg/meter25 mm3.858 kg/meter Weight of steel bars formula To calculate weight of steel bars, there is a formula used to calculate weight. W=(D^2 x L)/162 In the above formula: D is in millimeter. L is the total length of steel bars of which weight is to be calculated. For example: if we have to calculate the weight of 10 mm steel bars, then we will proceed as follow: W=10^2/ 162 W=0.617 kg/meter In this way we will get steel bars weight per meter. After that multiply unit weight with the total length of steel bars of which weight is to be calculated. Weight of steel bars per foot in kg Diameter of bars Weight of bars #2 bars (diameter 2/8 inch)0.075 kg/ft#3 bars (diameter 3/8 inch)0.170 kg/ft#4 bars (diameter ½ inch)0.30 kg/ft#5 bars (diameter 5/8 inch)0.473 kg/ft#6 bars (dia...

Layout of Simple Circular Curve  : The typical layout of simple circular curve is shown in the figure below. R   = Radius of Circular Curve BC = Beginning of Curve (or PC = Point of Curvature) EC   = End of Curve (or PT = Point of Tangency) PI   = Point of Intersection T   = Tangent Length (T = PI – BC = EC – PI) L   = Length of Curvature (L = EC – BC) M   = Middle Ordinate E  = External Distance C   = Chord Length Δ   = Deflection Angle Circular Curve Components Properties of Circular Curve: Degree of Curvature: Traditionally, the “steepness” of the curvature is defined by either the radius (R) or the degree of curvature (D). Degree of curvature  = angle subtended by an arc of length 100 feet. The diagram below is showing the degree of curvature. If the arc length is 100 feet then the angle will be the degree of curvature as shown in the figure below. Steepness of curve...

Standard Brick Size Dimensions Different countries have different model brick measurements and proportions. Yet, brick can be prepared in many designs and dimensions, determined by its utilization. If bricks are of considerable size, it is hard to burn them correctly and they turn out to be too weighty to be put with one hand. On the contrary, if bricks are made small, extra quantity of mortar is needed. Therefore, a benchmark dimension is decided for different brick works. Existing size (or the stated size), is the genuine measurement of the brick. Nominal size is the genuine size along with the width of the mortar joint. Nearly all bricks are created in such a method that the supposed nominal sizes go along with a grid of four inch, which go along with the broadness of other construction materials such as windows, doors, and wood components. Brick dimension in England : “In England, the length and width of the standard brick has continued to really consistent over the millenn...