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Civil Diary Online A caisson foundation is a type of deep foundation that is used for large structures like bridges, skyscrapers, and other heavy structures. It is a cylindrical structure that is drilled or dug into the ground, then filled with concrete or steel reinforcing bars. The process of installing a caisson foundation involves the following steps: Site Preparation: The area where the caisson is to be installed is cleared and leveled. Excavation: A hole is drilled or dug into the ground using a large drill or a mechanical auger. Reinforcement: Steel reinforcing bars, also called rebar, are inserted into the hole to strengthen the structure and provide support. Filling: The caisson is filled with concrete, which is poured from the top of the structure down to the bottom, displacing any water or soil that may be present. Capping: Once the concrete has set, a cap is installed on top of the caisson to support the structure that will be built on top. There are two types of caissons:...

Civil Diary Online There are several types of foundation used in construction, including: Strip Foundation: A strip foundation is a continuous strip of concrete that is used to support the load of a building. It is typically used for small structures, such as single-story buildings. Pad Foundation: A pad foundation is a type of shallow foundation that is used to support individual columns or piers. It consists of a single, thick slab of concrete that is placed directly beneath the column. Raft Foundation: A raft foundation is a large, flat slab of concrete that is used to support the entire structure. It is typically used in areas with weak soil or where the load on the foundation is heavy. Piled Foundation: A piled foundation is used when the soil is too weak to support a conventional foundation. Piles are driven into the ground and are used to transfer the load of the building to stronger soil or rock. Basement Foundation: A basement foundation is a type of foundation that is used t...

Civil Engineering Classes Cement, Aggregate & Sand quantity are used in 1:1.5:3 concrete.....  Dry Volumn Concrete = Approximate 54 % to 57 % more than Wet Volumn Concrete. so, considering the factor of safety ranging from 1.54 to 1.57 to counter that shrinkage.  i.e., Volume of dry concrete = 1.54 to 1.57 times Volume of wet concrete

Bamboo reinforced concrete construction follows same design, mix proportions and construction techniques as used for steel reinforced. Just steel reinforcement is replaced with bamboo reinforcement. Properties of bamboo reinforcement, mix proportion of concrete, design and construction technique with bamboo reinforced concrete is discussed in this article. Nature’s material, bamboo has been widely used for many purposes. Mainly as a strength bearing material. It is used for building shelters from an earlier time. Bamboo has used for scaffolding works, formwork supporting stands and many in building construction works. These are limited to medium-large projects. Even though existence of bamboo has been found from centuries, bamboo as reinforcement material is an innovation in the civil engineering construction field. This innovation was based on Clemson’s study that has been conducted in the Clemson Agricultural College. Bamboo is a biodegradable and renewable in nature. It is energy ef...

This detail information on how to study engineering drawing for column footing and building Layout. The plan of boundary wall and we have taken the scale ¼ inch is equal to 1 feet. There are two columns. There is a centre line (denoted by CL) for the boundary wall. There are two centre lines for the columns. The foundations for one column are 3 feet and 3 feet and for second column are 2.5 feet and 2.5 feet. But, keep in mind that the actual dimensions of both the columns are 13.5 inches and 13.5 inches. The breadth of the wall is 9 inches. There is one inside and one outside of the plan. There is a plaster. The length of the wall is between two columns is 12 feet. Now, let us see the elevation for outside of this column. It will show the NGL which is natural ground level FGL which is finished ground level (inside). The height of the column or the height of the wall is 7 foot and 6 inches. The walls are continued from both sides. The cross section of the column will show th...

Brief overview of Road Cambers and its types Road camber indicates the incline that is set in transverse way (direction) in expressways (highways). There’re 3 sorts of road cambers. The sorts are parabolic camber, composite camber and inclined camber. Camber is helpful for releasing precipitation from road plane (surface) because precipitation could damage the highway. As a result, the centre part of each expressway (highway) is elevated touching the peripheries and it’s known as crown. The representative sample (cross-section) form of the diagonal or cross gradient could appear in various forms such as straight, curving (curved) or combination of the two. The cross gradients are set in gradient like one in n or in proportions (percentages) like n percent (like for example, one in fifty or two percent). The arrangement measurements of cambers are mainly according to the pavement sort and on the precipitation standard magnitude in the region. Generally, slope cambers two to thre...

In reality, the method we are going to explicate is not only extraordinary for leveling machine. Obviously, this technique can be used using tachometer and any other device like theodolite, etc. In case there are two points on earth surface like point A and point B and we require the distance between these two points. Here the distance signifies the horizontal distance between these two points. In order to find the distance, we just set the instrument at one of these points in the graduated staff rod. The method can be utilized using theodolite and tachometer. There’re 2 points on earth surface (point A and point B). The distance between these points is needed. Here, the distance indicates the horizontal distance amid the two points. To determine the distance, the instrument is set at one of the points. Furthermore, upper hair and lower hair readings are needed. Upper hair reading = 1.112 Lower hair reading = 0.654 Distance = [top reading – bottom reading] x co...

Some vital checklist for RCC slabs and beams 🔵 RCC slabs and beams should be checked correctly once they are fully arranged for concreting. Inspection of concreting works is considered as a vital step to attain superior strength and stability of the structure. The purpose of a check list at the time of making inspection of the concrete member is to keep record of the concrete placement and quality control measures provided at site. Phases of examination of Concrete Works - Examination of concrete is performed in following 3 stages, 1. Pre-placement 2. During placement 3. Post-placement. Type of examination of concrete is based on the type of concrete, i.e. PCC or RCC, type of components being casted like RCC slab, columns, footing, beams, walls etc. It is both useful for the contractor and engineer to keep the record of checks, in order that they can be submitted for any inconsistency. It can also be used as a proof of quantity of concrete work accomplished by the...

Different Types Of Beams In Civil Engineering‎ Beams are usually horizontal structural members that carry or transfer loads levelly by their length to the supports wherein the loads are generally set into vertical forces. Beams are utilized for opposing bending moments, shear forces and vertical loads. Various types of beams can be categorized according to the type of support. The 4 distinct types of beams are: Simply Supported Beam: In case the beam ends are formed to rest directly or freely on supports beam, it is known as a simple or freely supported beam. Fixed Beam: In case a beam is set or fixed at both ends, it is known as fixed beam or built-in beam. Cantilever Beam: In case one end is free end and the beam is fixed at other end, it is known as cantilever beam. Continuously Supported Beam: In case over 2 supports are offered to the beam, it is known as continuously supported beam.

How to calculate the cement, sand quantity for plastering how to calculate the cement sand quantity for plastering. Let us suppose, Mortar ratio = 1:6 where 1 is cement and 6 part is sand. Plaster thickness = 12 mm = 0.012 m Cement density = 1440 kg/m 3 1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3 Suggested Plaster Thickness 12 mm for internal walls or brick wall plain surface 15 mm for 4” or 9” brick wall rough surface 20 mm for two plaster layers normally utilized for external walls Mortar Wet volume = 1 x 1 x 0.012 = 0.012 m 3 Mortar Dry volume = 0.012 x 1.30 = 0.0156 m 3 Mortar Dry volume (sand + cement) = 30 – 35 % greater than wet volume = wet volume x 1.30 Concrete Dry volume (aggregate + sand + cement) = wet volume x 1.54 As we know that mortar ratio = 1:6, from which 1 + 6 = 7 = sum of ratio Amount of cement in plaster = 1/7 x 0.0156 x 1440 = 3.21 kg Also in bags = 3.21/50 = 0.064 bag = approximately 1 bag Amount of sand in plaster = 6/7 x 0.0156 = 0.0133 m 3 Sand ...

Partition walls :  The walls which divide the floor area of the building into number of rooms to provide privacy to the inhabitants of the building from sound and sight are called partition walls. Generally these are non-load bearing walls and therefore, their cross section is taken thin. Purpose of Partition walls: These walls are made to divide the floor area of the building. For privacy purposes for the inhabitants of the building. Advantages of Partition walls: These walls can be easily constructed because they are thin in cross section . These walls are light in weight. As their cross section is thin so they occupy less area of the floor. Purposes of Partition walls can also be included in advantages of partition walls. ● Our New Android/IOS Application out                      DOWNLOAD ☆ Civil Engineering Online App

Rate Analysis | Factors affecting rate of an item ■ Rate analysis : Rate analysis is the study of principal role played by various constituents, elements of construction such as equipments, cost of labor, number of equipments etc. Rate of an item = Cost of material (A) + Cost of Labor (B) + Cost of scaffolding (C)+ Cost of water charges (D) + Cost of sundries (E)* Sundries mean cost of all small items which cannot be accounted separately. ■ Factors affecting rate of an item : Locality and situation. Size and extent of work. Nature of project. Height/Level of work at which it is being executed. Environmental and climatic conditions.

Super Elevation Whenever on roads, curve has to be made, outer edge of the road on the curve is raised as compared to the inner edge. This is known as super elevation. Whenever the vehicle is moving in a curved path, it is acted upon by the force outward the curve known as centrifugal force. This force is always acting in the horizontal direction through the center of gravity of the vehicle and always perpendicular to the weight of the vehicle. If Centrifugal force is greater than the force between the road and the tyres, then the vehicle will skid outward. If centrifugal force is less than the force between the road and the tyres, then the vehicle will overturn to the inside of the curve. Super elevation is to be provided in case of curves only. If the road surface is plain or flat i.e there is no curve, then the tendency of the centrifugal force is through the vehicle from the center line and the only force which will prevent the vehicle that is frictional force. This force ...

Here is a list of mild steel bars weight. Diameter of bars in millimeter Weight of bars in kilogram 6 mm0.22 kg/meter10 mm0.62 kg/meter12 mm0.89 kg/meter16 mm1.58 kg/meter20 mm2.469 kg/meter25 mm3.858 kg/meter Weight of steel bars formula To calculate weight of steel bars, there is a formula used to calculate weight. W=(D^2 x L)/162 In the above formula: D is in millimeter. L is the total length of steel bars of which weight is to be calculated. For example: if we have to calculate the weight of 10 mm steel bars, then we will proceed as follow: W=10^2/ 162 W=0.617 kg/meter In this way we will get steel bars weight per meter. After that multiply unit weight with the total length of steel bars of which weight is to be calculated. Weight of steel bars per foot in kg Diameter of bars Weight of bars #2 bars (diameter 2/8 inch)0.075 kg/ft#3 bars (diameter 3/8 inch)0.170 kg/ft#4 bars (diameter ½ inch)0.30 kg/ft#5 bars (diameter 5/8 inch)0.473 kg/ft#6 bars (dia...

Layout of Simple Circular Curve  : The typical layout of simple circular curve is shown in the figure below. R   = Radius of Circular Curve BC = Beginning of Curve (or PC = Point of Curvature) EC   = End of Curve (or PT = Point of Tangency) PI   = Point of Intersection T   = Tangent Length (T = PI – BC = EC – PI) L   = Length of Curvature (L = EC – BC) M   = Middle Ordinate E  = External Distance C   = Chord Length Δ   = Deflection Angle Circular Curve Components Properties of Circular Curve: Degree of Curvature: Traditionally, the “steepness” of the curvature is defined by either the radius (R) or the degree of curvature (D). Degree of curvature  = angle subtended by an arc of length 100 feet. The diagram below is showing the degree of curvature. If the arc length is 100 feet then the angle will be the degree of curvature as shown in the figure below. Steepness of curve...

Standard Brick Size Dimensions Different countries have different model brick measurements and proportions. Yet, brick can be prepared in many designs and dimensions, determined by its utilization. If bricks are of considerable size, it is hard to burn them correctly and they turn out to be too weighty to be put with one hand. On the contrary, if bricks are made small, extra quantity of mortar is needed. Therefore, a benchmark dimension is decided for different brick works. Existing size (or the stated size), is the genuine measurement of the brick. Nominal size is the genuine size along with the width of the mortar joint. Nearly all bricks are created in such a method that the supposed nominal sizes go along with a grid of four inch, which go along with the broadness of other construction materials such as windows, doors, and wood components. Brick dimension in England : “In England, the length and width of the standard brick has continued to really consistent over the millenn...

Concrete Mix Design Calculation for M20, M25, M30 Concrete with Procedure & Example Concrete mix design is the process of finding right proportions of cement, sand and aggregates for concrete to achieve target strength in structures. So, concrete mix design can be stated as Concrete Mix = Cement:Sand:Aggregates. The concrete mix design involves various steps, calculations and laboratory testing to find right mix proportions. This process is usually adopted for structures which requires higher grades of concrete such as M25 and above and large construction projects where quantity of concrete consumption is huge.. Benefits of concrete mix design is that it provides the right proportions of materials, thus making the concrete construction economical in achieving required strength of structural members. As, the quantity of concrete required for large constructions are huge, economy in quantity of materials such as cement makes the project construction economical. Concrete Mix de...

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HOW TO MINIMISE THE DEFECTS IN PLASTERING WORK? HOW TO MINIMISE THE DEFECTS IN PLASTERING WORK? MINIMISING DEFECTS IN PLASTERING WORK Defects in plastering work can be minimised by following the below mentioned techniques. The brick and plastering work should be carried out by skilled masons in the best workmanship manner. Bond of brick work should be properly maintained. Efflorescence is removed by rubbing brushes on the damaged surface. A solution of one part of hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid and five parts of clean water is prepared and it is applied with the help of brushes on the affected area. The surface is then washed with clean water. It should, however be remembered that it is desirable to prevent efflorescence than to cure it. Building material should be selected of superior quality and suitable methods of construction should be employed. Water should not be used to wash the surface so as to remove efflorescence. In that case, soluble salts will be partl...