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This detail information on how to study engineering drawing for column footing and building Layout. The plan of boundary wall and we have taken the scale ¼ inch is equal to 1 feet. There are two columns. There is a centre line (denoted by CL) for the boundary wall. There are two centre lines for the columns. The foundations for one column are 3 feet and 3 feet and for second column are 2.5 feet and 2.5 feet. But, keep in mind that the actual dimensions of both the columns are 13.5 inches and 13.5 inches. The breadth of the wall is 9 inches. There is one inside and one outside of the plan. There is a plaster. The length of the wall is between two columns is 12 feet. Now, let us see the elevation for outside of this column. It will show the NGL which is natural ground level FGL which is finished ground level (inside). The height of the column or the height of the wall is 7 foot and 6 inches. The walls are continued from both sides. The cross section of the column will show th...

Brief overview of Road Cambers and its types Road camber indicates the incline that is set in transverse way (direction) in expressways (highways). There’re 3 sorts of road cambers. The sorts are parabolic camber, composite camber and inclined camber. Camber is helpful for releasing precipitation from road plane (surface) because precipitation could damage the highway. As a result, the centre part of each expressway (highway) is elevated touching the peripheries and it’s known as crown. The representative sample (cross-section) form of the diagonal or cross gradient could appear in various forms such as straight, curving (curved) or combination of the two. The cross gradients are set in gradient like one in n or in proportions (percentages) like n percent (like for example, one in fifty or two percent). The arrangement measurements of cambers are mainly according to the pavement sort and on the precipitation standard magnitude in the region. Generally, slope cambers two to thre...

How to calculate circular water tank capacity? It is requested to choose an appropriate size for a circular water tank to collect 20000 litres water for a residential property. Take into consideration that tank depth must not be over 2 meters. Experiment 1: In case depth = 0.5 m in that case diameter =? Experiment 2: In case depth = 1 m in that case diameter =? Experiment 3: In case depth = 1.5 m in that case diameter =? Experiment 4: In case depth = 2 m in that case diameter =? Tank capacity = 20000 litres of water Overall tank capacity = 20000/1000 = 20 m 3  [as 1 m 3  is equal to 1000 litres] Tank volume = Area of base x tank height or depth 20 m 3  = πD 2 /4 x d In case depth = 0.5 m 20 m 3  = πD 2 /4 x 0.5 m = 20 m 3  = 0.393(D) 2 20 m 3 /0.393 = 0.393(D) 2 /0.393 50.90 = D 2 √50.90 = square root ((D) 2 ) D = 7 meters In case depth = 1 m in that case diameter = 5 meters In case depth = 1.5 m in that case diameter = 4.12 me...

In reality, the method we are going to explicate is not only extraordinary for leveling machine. Obviously, this technique can be used using tachometer and any other device like theodolite, etc. In case there are two points on earth surface like point A and point B and we require the distance between these two points. Here the distance signifies the horizontal distance between these two points. In order to find the distance, we just set the instrument at one of these points in the graduated staff rod. The method can be utilized using theodolite and tachometer. There’re 2 points on earth surface (point A and point B). The distance between these points is needed. Here, the distance indicates the horizontal distance amid the two points. To determine the distance, the instrument is set at one of the points. Furthermore, upper hair and lower hair readings are needed. Upper hair reading = 1.112 Lower hair reading = 0.654 Distance = [top reading – bottom reading] x co...

Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Engineers under PWD Junior Engineers are one of the key elements in the pyramid structured executive unit of the Public Works Department. They are responsible for the execution of original/ maintenance works and maintenance of material accounts and public asset with which they are concerned. There was no such rules as specified on Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Engineers in PWD Code and/ or other manual which are being followed during execution of works in PWD. The matter was under active consideration of this department for some time past. Now after careful consideration of the matter, the Governor is pleased to frame over following Duties and Responsibilities of Junior Engineers under the control of this department for the purpose of better and effective execution of works in PWD. A. General All the duties as mentioned below are only illustrative and not exhaustive. A Junior Engineer is expected to assist his superior officers in per...

How to calculate land area at site The Solution is Heron’s Formula: If there is a triangle having three sides (a, b and c), and if you know the measurement of the three sides, then Area =  Where s is semi perimeter And s = (a + b + c)/2 Let’s suppose there is a land having irregular shape and we need to find the area of the land. In triangle ABD AB (a) = 3 m BD (b) = 4 m AD (c) = 5 m S = a + b + c /2 = (3 + 4 + 5)/2 = 6 m Area =  In triangle BCD BC (a) = 3 m CD (b) = 3 m DB (c) = 4 m S = (3 + 3 + 4)/2 = 5 m Area = 4.47 m 2 In triangle ADE Area = 3.8 m 2 Total area = 6 + 4.47 + 3.8 = 14.27 m 2 To get more details, go through the following video tutorial.

Some vital checklist for RCC slabs and beams 🔵 RCC slabs and beams should be checked correctly once they are fully arranged for concreting. Inspection of concreting works is considered as a vital step to attain superior strength and stability of the structure. The purpose of a check list at the time of making inspection of the concrete member is to keep record of the concrete placement and quality control measures provided at site. Phases of examination of Concrete Works - Examination of concrete is performed in following 3 stages, 1. Pre-placement 2. During placement 3. Post-placement. Type of examination of concrete is based on the type of concrete, i.e. PCC or RCC, type of components being casted like RCC slab, columns, footing, beams, walls etc. It is both useful for the contractor and engineer to keep the record of checks, in order that they can be submitted for any inconsistency. It can also be used as a proof of quantity of concrete work accomplished by the...

Different Types Of Beams In Civil Engineering‎ Beams are usually horizontal structural members that carry or transfer loads levelly by their length to the supports wherein the loads are generally set into vertical forces. Beams are utilized for opposing bending moments, shear forces and vertical loads. Various types of beams can be categorized according to the type of support. The 4 distinct types of beams are: Simply Supported Beam: In case the beam ends are formed to rest directly or freely on supports beam, it is known as a simple or freely supported beam. Fixed Beam: In case a beam is set or fixed at both ends, it is known as fixed beam or built-in beam. Cantilever Beam: In case one end is free end and the beam is fixed at other end, it is known as cantilever beam. Continuously Supported Beam: In case over 2 supports are offered to the beam, it is known as continuously supported beam.

How to calculate the cement, sand quantity for plastering how to calculate the cement sand quantity for plastering. Let us suppose, Mortar ratio = 1:6 where 1 is cement and 6 part is sand. Plaster thickness = 12 mm = 0.012 m Cement density = 1440 kg/m 3 1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3 Suggested Plaster Thickness 12 mm for internal walls or brick wall plain surface 15 mm for 4” or 9” brick wall rough surface 20 mm for two plaster layers normally utilized for external walls Mortar Wet volume = 1 x 1 x 0.012 = 0.012 m 3 Mortar Dry volume = 0.012 x 1.30 = 0.0156 m 3 Mortar Dry volume (sand + cement) = 30 – 35 % greater than wet volume = wet volume x 1.30 Concrete Dry volume (aggregate + sand + cement) = wet volume x 1.54 As we know that mortar ratio = 1:6, from which 1 + 6 = 7 = sum of ratio Amount of cement in plaster = 1/7 x 0.0156 x 1440 = 3.21 kg Also in bags = 3.21/50 = 0.064 bag = approximately 1 bag Amount of sand in plaster = 6/7 x 0.0156 = 0.0133 m 3 Sand ...

Partition walls :  The walls which divide the floor area of the building into number of rooms to provide privacy to the inhabitants of the building from sound and sight are called partition walls. Generally these are non-load bearing walls and therefore, their cross section is taken thin. Purpose of Partition walls: These walls are made to divide the floor area of the building. For privacy purposes for the inhabitants of the building. Advantages of Partition walls: These walls can be easily constructed because they are thin in cross section . These walls are light in weight. As their cross section is thin so they occupy less area of the floor. Purposes of Partition walls can also be included in advantages of partition walls. ● Our New Android/IOS Application out                      DOWNLOAD ☆ Civil Engineering Online App